Thursday, December 13, 2018

What US China Trade War is really about

Forget soybeans, auto imports, iPhones, crude oil, and cheap Chinese gadgets. Also forget tariffs, duties, and subsidies. Even forget weapons.

The real reason behind the US-China "trade" war has little to do with actual trade, and everything to do with what China's president, Xi Jinping, said when he visited a memory chip plant in the city of Wuhan earlier this year. In a white lab coat, he made an unexpectedly sentimental remark, comparing a computer chip to a human heart: “No matter how big a person is, he or she can never be strong without a sound and strong heart”.

What is really at the basis of the ongoing civilizational conflict between the US and China, a feud which many say has gradually devolved into a new cold war if few top politicians are willing to call it for what it is, are China’s ambitions to be a leader in next-generation technology, such as artificial intelligence, which rest on whether or not it can design and manufacture cutting-edge chips, and is why Xi has pled.

Washington plans to ramp up export controls next year on so-called foundational technologies — those that can enable development in a broad range of sectors — and the equipment for manufacturing chips is one of the key target areas under discussion.

This is a concern for China as the $412 billion global semiconductor industry rests on the shoulders of just six equipment companies, with three of them based in the US. Together, these companies make nearly all of the crucial hardware and software tools needed to manufacture chips, meaning an American export ban would choke off China’s access to the basic tools needed to make their latest chip designs.

"You cannot build a semiconductor facility without using the big major equipment companies, none of which are Chinese,” said Brett Simpson, the founder of Arete Research, an equity research group. "If you fight a war with no guns you’re going to lose. And they don’t have the guns."

To be sure, under Beijing’s auspices, Chinese chip companies have made enormous gains in semiconductor design as well as chip testing and packaging, in an attempt to catch up to the US. Several private and state-owned Chinese companies — Intel-backed Tsinghua Unigroup, Cambricon Technologies and Huawei’s HiSilicon among them — have already begun to venture into designing the leading edge chips capable of AI applications.

But the real difficulty is not in designing the chips, but in making them: "From a design perspective, Chinese companies are at least on par with anyone else in the world,” said Risto Puhakka, president of VSLI Research. “Where they have a challenge is if they decide to make a very cutting-edge chip."


Foremost among them is the Netherland’s ASML, which makes the photolithography machines that print and etch designs on to silicon wafers. It is the only supplier of the extreme ultra violet (EUV) lithography machines needed to make a 7-nanometre processor, the industry’s current gold standard.

Over in the US, Lam Research and Applied Materials as well as Japanese company Tokyo Electron dominate the market for equipment that can deposit billions of transistors and other active components on to a single chip. Another US company, KLA Tencor, sells much of the technology used in testing and monitoring the quality of chip production.

It is China’s reliance on these companies, more than any down swing in the stock market, that has made it vulnerable.

Bank of America's Michael Hartnett said half a year ago: for all the talk of the escalating confrontation between the US and China, the "trade war" of 2018 should be recognized for what it really is: "the first stage of a new arms race between the US & China to reach national superiority in technology over the longer-term via Quantum Computing, Artificial Intelligence, Hypersonic Warplanes, Electronic Vehicles, Robotics, and Cyber-Security."


Which is why, at this point delaying Beijing may be the best option for the US which is slowly but surely losing its one insurmountable technological advantage. But while that may win the short-term battle, will it merely lead to an even faster victory for China in the war, first trade and eventually, real.

Dangerous Move

If, as Mark Twain reputedly said, history often rhymes, our era increasingly recalls the period preceding 1914. And as with Europe’s great powers back then, the United States, led by an administration intent on asserting America’s dominance over China, is pushing the world toward disaster.

The context of the arrest of Huawei CFO Meng Wanzhou – a dangerous move by U.S. President Donald Trump’s administration in its intensifying conflict with China – matters enormously. The United States requested that Canada arrest Ms. Meng in the Vancouver airport en route to Mexico from Hong Kong, and then extradite her to the United States. Such a move is almost a U.S. declaration of war on China’s business community. Nearly unprecedented, it puts American business people travelling abroad at much greater risk of such actions by other countries.

The United States rarely arrests senior business people, U.S. or foreign, for alleged crimes committed by their companies. Corporate managers are usually arrested for their alleged personal crimes (such as embezzlement, bribery or violence) rather than their company’s alleged malfeasance. Yes, corporate managers should be held to account for their company’s malfeasance, up to and including criminal charges, but to start this practice with a leading Chinese business person – rather than the dozens of culpable U.S. CEOs and CFOs – is a stunning provocation to the Chinese government, business community and public.

Ms. Meng is charged with violating U.S. sanctions on Iran. Yet, consider her arrest in the context of the large number of companies, U.S. and non-U.S., that have violated America’s sanctions against Iran and other countries. In 2011, for example, JP Morgan Chase paid $88.3 million in fines in 2011 for violating U.S. sanctions against Cuba, Iran and Sudan. Yet Jamie Dimon wasn ’t grabbed off a plane and whisked into custody.

And JP Morgan Chase was hardly alone in violating U.S. sanctions. Since 2010 , the following major financial institutions paid fines for such violations: Banco do Brasil, Bank of America, Bank of Guam, Bank of Moscow, Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi, Barclays, BNP Paribas, Clearstream Banking, Commerzbank, Compass, Crédit Agricole, Deutsche Bank, HSBC, ING, Intesa Sanpaolo, National Bank of Abu Dhabi, National Bank of Pakistan, PayPal, RBS (ABN Amro ), Société Générale, Toronto-Dominion Bank, Trans Pacific National Bank (now known as Beacon Business Bank), Standard Chartered and Wells Fargo.

None of the CEOs or CFOs of these sanction-busting banks were arrested and taken into custody for these violations. In all of these cases, the corporation – rather than an individual manager – was held accountable. Nor were they held accountable for the pervasive lawbreaking in the lead-up to or aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, for which the banks paid a staggering US$243 billion in fines, according to a recent tally. In light of this record, Ms. Meng’s arrest is a shocking break with practice. Yes, hold CEOs and CFOs accountable – but start at home in order to avoid hypocrisy, self-interest disguised as high principle and the risk of inciting a new global conflict.

Quite transparently, the U.S. action against Ms. Meng really seems to be part of the Trump administration’s broader attempt to undermine China’s economy by imposing tariffs, closing Western markets to Chinese high- technology exports and blocking Chinese purchases of U.S. and European technology companies. One can say, without exaggeration, that this is part of an economic war on China – and a reckless one at that.

Huawei is one of China’s most important technology companies and therefore a prime target in the Trump administration’s effort to slow or stop China’ s advance into several high-technology sectors. America’s motivations in this economic war are partly commercial – to protect and favour laggard U.S . companies – and partly geopolitical. They certainly have nothing to do with upholding the international rule of law.

The U.S. appears to be trying to target Huawei especially because of the company’s success in marketing cutting-edge 5G technologies globally. The U .S. claims the company poses a specific security risk through hidden surveillance capabilities in its hardware and software. Yet the U.S. government has provided no evidence for this claim.

Wednesday, December 12, 2018

快乐指数

今天给大家讲一个有趣的故事。
在上世纪70年代美苏争霸的时候,赫鲁晓夫和尼克松曾经有过这么一段故事。在一次会面中, 赫鲁晓夫向尼克松展示了苏联当时最先进的太空科技和武器,以表示苏联社会主义的优越性。 尼克松则展示了美国的一个普通人家的厨房,以及里头的各种现代化的电器设备。 尼克松提出一个问题, 我们美苏两国的年轻人, 以后会选择选择生活在哪种体质的社会里呢? 赫鲁晓夫觉得很可笑, 答案当然是伟大的社会主义制度的苏联。

这次会面之后, 苏联统计局专门找人做了一番研究, 看看如何定量的计算苏联人的生活快乐程度,以此来判断苏联人民是否比西方国家过得更加好。 当时有一名数学家名字叫米哈伊尔-布林接受了这个任务。 这位布林先生是个犹太裔天才, 毕业于莫斯科国立大学。 本来志愿是当宇航员。 但是由于他是犹太人, 他被拒绝于物理研究门外。 毕业后只能进入统计局算算幸福指数。 但是他还是非常敬业, 每当看到自己国家的幸福指数远远高于西方国家的时候, 他心里面暗自为自己的工作感到自豪和高兴。

直到有一次机会他参加了一次国际会议。 会议他与世界各地的专家交流。他很惊讶的发现,其他发达国家并没有专门算过他们的幸福指数。 会议以后他很纳闷, 便开始反思他自己的工作到底有么有意义。 他最后觉得, 如果连自己喜欢的专业都不能从事, 那哪里谈得上幸福呢? 他想到自己孩子的将来。

最后他决定要移民到美国。当他到移民局申请的时候,他统计局的公务员工作马上被开除。在等待移民的过程做, 他到处打零工来维持家庭开资。 最后在8个月后如愿移民到美国。

由于受过高等教育, 布林和他妻子在美国都找到了很好的工作。布林在马里兰大学教书, 他妻子进入了美国宇航局工作。 这在苏联根本没法想象。

他们的儿子, 从小学习优秀并显露超凡的数学天才。 最后进入了斯坦福大学。 毕业后,儿子创立了一家公司。 这家公司名字叫谷歌。

故事讲完了。 最后还是回到尼克松当年问赫鲁晓夫的问题,我们两国的年轻人,最后会选择在内个社会生活呢? 苏联的快乐指数计算者布林给出了完美的答案。


Sunday, November 25, 2018

Owning the Choke Points

As China charts its global reach, six zones demand special attention: the maritime choke points.

The entryway to the Black Sea from the Mediterranean. The passageway from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean via the Strait of Malacca. The corridor separating Europe from Africa at the Strait of Gibraltar. Bab el Mandeb, off Djibouti in the Horn of Africa. The Strait of Hormuz in the Persian Gulf. Access to the Mediterranean from the Red Sea through the Suez Canal.
At any one, an outbreak of hostilities could imperil China’s free movement around the globe, jeopardizing its exports and access to resources.
These zones have historically been policed by American naval power, which has made China’s access dependent on peaceful relations with the United States. To liberate itself, China has been lavishing investment on governments that control the choke points.

Monday, January 2, 2017

过去一千年科技在全球范围内的传播轨迹

最早在世界各地都是蛮荒之地的时候,中原宋朝为了挟制契丹和女真,把火药和造纸术教给了蒙古人。

蒙古人凭着大宋教的技术,让奥斯曼土耳其征服了拜占庭帝国。

拜占庭亡国后,火药和一些东方手工技术流入了地中海意大利一带,于是有了文艺复兴。欧洲那时候大部分地方还是茹毛饮血的蛮族。

奥斯曼帝国进一步掌握了地中海的制海权。意大利商人带着资金和手工技术进入了西班牙。西班牙通过航海的原始积累,成为世界霸主。控制了伊比利亚半岛,荷兰,比利时,卢森堡,奥地利和部分意大利地区。

在西班牙统治的地区里,以荷兰最为发达。它不光掌握着西班牙帝国的商业和金融命脉,还拥有最发达的纺织技术。为了抗衡西班牙帝国的控制,荷兰把纺织技术输出给英国和法国。

在荷兰技术的基础上,英国完成了第一次工业革命。英法荷联盟也攻破了西班牙的海上霸权。西班牙帝国走向没落。

扳倒了西班牙后,欧洲三大国英法荷互相争做老大。最后通过英荷战争,法荷战争扳倒了荷兰。结果法国渔翁得利,成为欧洲老大。

英国为了制衡法国,把工业技术输出到普鲁士,把德国弄统一了并扶植成工业强国。在英德两面夹击下,法国的霸主地位被英国取代。在反法联盟中,俄国人也得到了成长。 俄国的技术积累是哪里来的呢,首先是彼得大帝从荷兰学了一些基础。其次,是英国人 给的。到了二战期间,苏联的技术积累,则是希特勒给的。

法国人不甘心霸主地位被抢走,便开始扶植美国独立。美国的技术积累是哪里来的,这些土匪,从欧洲逃过来的时候,会带一些技术和资本, 美国初期的技术积累,主要来自意大利移民过来的的产业工人。但主要的,还是法国爸 爸给的。随后呢,一战二战,美国又大发横财,很多资金和技术,为了避难,都涌入美 国。二战后,又把德国的技术给抢了过来。这样美国才完成全部的技术积累。

日本在明治维新时,得到了一些美国的一些基础技术。后来英国为了制衡俄罗斯向东亚扩张,便再次向日本输出钢铁技术。二战后进入冷战格局,美国为了制衡俄罗斯和中国,大量向日本输出工业技术。合着日本90%以上的技术都是西方国家输出的。

咱中国呢? 我们技术引进的第一桶金是建国后从斯大林那得到的。那时候苏联为了拉拢中国壮大共产阵型,拼老命的给中国打工业基础。第二桶金是八十年代,中苏关系恶劣,中国倒向美国把苏联扳倒。这时美国向中国输出了不少珍贵的技术。这轮技术输出一直到天安门事件为止。

从天安门到2001年中国入世,整整十年中国被西方技术封锁。2001年后,911事件把美国的注意力引到中东。中国成为世界最大的制造业基地。全世界的中低端制造业技术涌入了中国。

中国现在盯上的,正是特朗普嘴里说的,美国所掌握的核心科技。这是中国产业升级, 最后的冲锋,也是中国技术积累大厦竣工最后的一块砖。美国现在想在科技上把中国重 新装回笼子,显然是不可能,不现实的。

所以,中美科技之争,关键就看,美国能不能守住它的核心科技。中国的攻击方法很简 单,就是国家资本的力量,大产业技术攻关的力量。这些产业,是汽车,半导体,大飞 机,新能源,通信,精密制造,信息科技,生物制药。

Wednesday, November 16, 2016

解释中等收入陷阱

      首先,我们来看看中国经济怎么发展起来的?我在这里,将避开一些专业,复杂的 经济学原理,而是用简单的话语,浅显易懂的例子,来说明这其中的原因。   一说到中国经济的发展动力,有人马上就会想到房地产,想到泡沫,但这不是中国 经济发展的动力,过去不是,现在也不是,将来也不会成为,中国经济腾飞,本质上来 说,靠的是廉价的劳动力和强大的国家资本主义,前者是经济发展的根本推动因素,而 后者是推动前者执行自身愿望的鞭子。
  因为廉价劳动力,通过全球化的资源配置,通过大量的血汗工厂,中国制造的廉价 商品充沛着世界各地的商场,赚取大量的钱,再将赚来的钱投入进房地产和基础设施建 设当中,然后就有了中国经济起飞的奇迹。
  南美诸国曾经是这样发展的,日本是这样发展的,亚洲四小龙都曾经是这样的发展 ,也都曾经有过经济奇迹。但不一样的是,早在四十年前,上世纪七十年代就已经经济 起飞的南美诸国至今仍然在经济泥潭中艰难挣扎,四十年止步不前,甚至是经济倒退, 而日本,韩国,却已经迈入了发达国家行列。
  原因何在?
  我们知道一个国家的经济,最重要的不是GDP总产值,而是实际生产力水平的高低 和就业问题,就如同我们总是关注美国非农就业数据一样,与之相比,其它的(美国) 数据都不重要。
  因为廉价的劳动力,让我们成为了世界工厂,让大量的农民工进城,就业,而这些 工厂又带动了相应的服务业,交通,运输,行政,税收……只要看一下春运的紧张,就 知道,我们有多少人在外地打工,在血汗工厂的流水线上工作,或者为血汗工厂间接或 直接服务的贸易,餐饮,住宿,交通等服务,而支撑起这一切的,正是数以千万计的血 汗工厂,没有这些工厂,就无法解决大量的人员就业,不仅如此,与之相配套的餐饮, 贸易,住宿,交通运输,房地产都会因此而死亡。   这一切是如此美好,又是如此的可悲。
  当低端制造业发展到一个瓶颈,而高端制造业技术又无法掌握的时候,那经济发展 的天花板也就无可避免的到来。也就是所谓的中等收入陷阱。   从本质上来说,经济要发展,需要生产力水平的提高————即用更少的时间,更 少的人力,创造更高的生产价值,生产更多的商品。   比如,以前需要一百个人种田来养活一百个人,现在只要一个人就行了,那剩下的 99个人就可以去生产其它的东西,人们的生活物资就会就变得很丰富,社会就会发展… …不断减少种田劳动力的过程,就是社会发展的过程。   说到这里,相信马上就会有人说——呃,这不就是科技发展和管理水平提高带来的 吗?
  没错,其实很简单。
  中等收入陷阱其实也就这么简单。发生的原因主要就是低端制造业转型失败。低端 制造业可以带来中等收入,但是伴随而来的污染,低质低价,都是恶性循环。低端制造 改高端制造,是完全靠高科技解决,而高科技不是几十年能追赶的,于是,问题就出现 了。这就是中等收入陷阱的根本原因————这一点,是几乎所有经济学家的共识,是 经济教科书上写得清清楚楚的基本常识。
  因此,要知道我们国家会不会掉入中等收入陷阱,其实只需回答一个问题就行,我 们已经占领了低端制造业,同时也就意味低端制造业对我们来说,已经失去了发展的潜 力,接下来,我们能否在高端制造业上与美日欧去进行竞争?   我们能否在汽车制造上打败丰田,在飞机制造上打败波音,在CPU制造上打败英特 尔,在手机制造上打败苹果,在显卡制造上打败英伟达,在硬盘制造上打败西数,在机 械制造 上打败德国,在互联网和软件领域打败微软,谷歌,甲骨文,思科,IBM以及硅 谷的无数企业,比如开发photoshop,flash的Adobe Systems公司,开发 Auto CAD的 Autodesk公司……能否做到这些,决定了我们能否跨过中等收入陷阱,如果做不到,那 中等收入陷阱就是一道无法逾越的鸿沟。
  回过头,看看日本,当日本制造崛起于世界的时候,它并不是世界的低端制造代工 厂,而是拥有东芝,索尼,丰田,三菱、马自达、松下,日立……等等一系列可以与美 欧制造企业相抗衡的高端制造企业,甚至将美国的企业打得落花流水,落荒而逃(比如 丰田和通用的竞争)。

说白了,中等收入陷阱就是技术天花板。因为,在此之前,将劳动力从农村解放,向城 市转移,进入低端制造业,这是不需要什么技 术的。只要短时间的培训,一名农民就 很轻松的成为产业工人,于是,GDP提高了,就业解决了,生活水平提高了。但接下来 ,要进一步发展,进一步提高生活水平,要让产业工人变成高级工程师,这就难了。   知道了这些,就已经很清楚的明白,中国能不能跨过中等收入陷阱了,但这可能会 让中国经济停止发展十年,二十年,三十年。

分析中国产业升级困难的内因

前面提到中国因为产业升级遇到技术瓶颈,面临中等收入陷阱。下面简单分析一下产业升级困难的原因。

1. 没有高端人才发展的环境。高端制造业发展依赖高端人才。人才培养不光靠大学培养,更重要是有高科技企业来提供发展平台。所有发达国家,都是以举国的力量去打造少数几个高精尖的企业去参与国际竞争的。例如美国的IBM, GE, 日本的三菱,日立,韩国的三星现代。这些企业都是在国家大力扶持之下培养出来。国家通过资源调配和合理的政策引导,把这些公司培养成高科技巨人。中国在宏观主导前提下,本来很有优势去打造几个明星高端制造业企业。但是几十年下来,只出来几个中石油,移动电信等大而不强的国企。这些国企只会垄断资源,但没有起到提高国家科技竞争力的作用,更没有为产业培养高素质人才的作用。

2. 民间企业目光短浅。大型国企都懒得去攻克的高科技难关,民间中小企业就没这个资金和实力去攻克了。于是做低端制造业起家的民企只会盲目扩张。从一家血汗工厂,变成十家血汗工厂,却从来没有想过拿钱去研发升级来做附加值更高的产品,让自己不在是血汗工厂。民企里充其量也只能走出几个像百度,阿里等公司,因为互联网公司科技含量偏低,对中国制造业升级的作用几乎为零。

3。法律体制不健全。知识产权保护不足。导致私人企业没有动力研发。

4. 全社会对知识的尊重程度极低。技术人员因为以上原因导致收入待遇低,工作机会不足。没有给优秀理工科人才提供充足就业机会和发展平台,导致很多人不得不放弃或荒废自己的专业知识而转做一些浪费光阴的工作,这完全是国家的问题。